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PACKAGE FOR YEARROUND FODDER FLOW

Disease Fact Sheets

 
Maize
BOIL SMUT
Galls replace kernels of ear; galls semi-fleshy, initially firm and silver-grey then turn black; membrane ruptures releasing brown powdery spores....
CRAZY TOP
The most characteristic symptom is the partial or complete replacement of normal floral parts by small leaves....
DIPLODIA EAR ROT
Dense whitish fungal growth will be matted between the kernels and between the ear and the husks; begin at base...
FUSARIUM EAR ROT
Dense whitish fungal growth will be matted between the kernels and between the ear and the husks; begin at base...
GIBBERELLA EAR ROT
Pink to reddish mould usually starting at the tip of the ear; mould growth developing between husks and ears; superficial...
HEAD SMUT
Floral structures partially or completely replaced by sac-like structures containing masses of black spores; tassel proliferates to form bizarre leafy...
COMMON RUST
Pustules form on both upper and lower sides of leaf; brownish-red oblong pustules; rust band formed close to the base...
DIPLODIA LEAF STREAK
Brown lesions with characteristic yellow halo; develop from an oval centre extending along the veins; black fruiting bodies develop within...
EYESPOT
Small, circular to oval lesions with tan-cream centres surrounded by a brown-purple margin and distinct yellow halo. Easily confused with...
GREY LEAF SPOT (GLS)
Lesions tan becoming grey as they mature; lesions typically rectangular, limited by and running parallel to the veins; starts on...
MAIZE STREAK DISEASE (MSV)
Long streaks parallel to the leaf veins developing to alternating dark and light green variegated stripes; stunting; infected plants yellow-green...
NORTHERN CORN LEAF BLIGHT (NCLB)
Lesions elongate becoming elliptical or cigar-shaped; grey-green becoming tan in colour with distinct dark zones of fungal sporulation; lesions often...
PHAEOSPHAERIA LEAF SPOT
Bleached, dried, circular to elongate spots with dark brown margins, similar to paraquat herbicide (trade name – Gramoxone) damage; pinpoint,...
POLYSORA RUST
Light orange to cinnamon-red, circular to oval raised pustules which are densely scattered over the upper leaf surfaces....
SORGHUM DOWNY MILDEW
Infected sometimes stunted; white-striped leaves; leaf chlorosis includes base leaf; transverse margin sharply defining diseased and healthy tissue (‘half-leaf...
CHARCOAL ROT
Black discolouration of lower stem internodes; shredding of interior; numerous minute black specks (microsclerotia) visible on vascular strands....
DIPLODIA STALK ROT
Brownish pith discolouration at basal internodes; black specks embedded in rind tissue near rotted internodes; pith disintegrates, weakening stalk predisposing...
ERWINIA STALK ROT
Sudden wilt and lodging; water-soaked, dark areas at base of stalk; most distinctive symptom of Erwinia infection is the foul...
FUSARIUM STALK ROT
Premature senescence and lodging; whitish-pink pith discolouration often confused with the red colour of Gibberella stalk rot; shredding of internal...
GIBBERELLA STALK ROT
Root and stem lodging; lower internodes turn straw-coloured, internal reddish discolouration, superficial black fruiting bodies on stalk, often at the...
PINKING
The most characteristic symptom is a general light-pink superficial discolouration of the cob as a result of the production of...
POPPING
Popped kernel is an irregular break in the seed coat over the kernel crown. The kernel resembles a partially expanded...
SILK-CUT
Silk-cut is characterised by a horizontal crack over the face of the kernel. The name silk-cut is probably derived from...
SILK JAMMING
Stresses slow silk elongation causing a delay or failure of silks to emerge from the ear shoot. If the delay...
GENETIC STRIPE, LEAF SPOTS AND FLECKS
Some genes alter or limit the ability of the maize plant to produce chlorophyll and result in albino plants or...
PRE-GERMINATION
Pre-germination of kernels occurs during the latter part of grain filling and is normally only noticed at harvesting....
Sunflower
SCLEROTINIA BASAL ROT AND WILT
Individual plants suddenly wilt and disease then spreads to adjacent plants. Pale brown  basal lesions (S. sclerotiorum, S. minor)...
SCLEROTINIA HEAD ROT
Water-soaked soft lesions develop on the back and white mycelium on face of the head.  Whitish mycelium turns into...
SCLEROTIUM STEM ROT (Southern Blight)
Roots and the base of infected stem show caramel to orange necrotic lesions with brown margins.  Lesions may exhibit...
ALTERNARIA LEAF SPOT
Dark brown round/square lesions develop on leaves, stems, petioles and heads, merge and form large dead areas.  Individual...
SEPTORIA LEAF SPOT
Angular to diamond-shaped brown necrotic lesions develop on the upper leaf surface and lighter brown lesions on the lower leaf...
WHITE BLISTER RUST
Yellow raised, isolated spots develop on top of the leaf with white spores produced on the lower leaf surface, and...
DOWNY MILDEW
Main symptoms are chlorotic (yellow) areas between veins or affecting entire leaves of seedlings.  Underside of leaves covered with...
POWDERY MILDEW
Airborne spores infect the lowest leaves first. Greyish white spots develop on the top of the leaf surface.  White...
RUST
Lowest leaves usually become infected first. Small cinnamon/brown rust pustules develop on both top and lower leaf surfaces. ...
VERTICILLIUM WILT
Leaves, starting at the bottom of the plant,  show interveinal chlorosis near flowering giving it a mottled appearance. ...
BACTERIAL HEAD ROT
Close inspection of sunflower heads show small dark spots on the face. Cutting open the head reveals a slimy mass...
APICAL CHLOROSIS
Top leaves of the sunflower plant develop chlorosis and these symptoms are usually localised to one side of the plant. ...
BLACK STEM
Infection starts at the leaf margin and progresses down leaf petiole forming a distinct dark or black lesion on the...
DIAPORTHE STEM CANKER
First symptoms seen prior to flowering on lower/middle leaves.  Infection starts at leaf margin, a necrotic area with...
BOTRYTIS HEAD ROT
Often associated with water pooling in the back of the head.  Sunken brown spots develop on the back of...
CHARCOAL ROT
Black discolouration of lower stem internodes; shredding of interior; numerous minute black specks (microsclerotia) visible on vascular strands....
PHYTOPTHORA STEM ROT
Black, sunken lesions girdling  the base of the stem. The pith eventually rots causing lodging. Notes on disease: Not...
SUNFLOWER CRINKLE VIRUS
Virus causes distortion (crinkle) of the leaves, irregular yellow vein banding,  chlorotic blotches and reduced leaf size.  ...
ASTER YELLOWS
Most distinct symptom is a wedge-shaped sector in the sunflower head where abnormal growth took place, no seed is set...
MEALYBUG
...
RED SPIDER MITE
...
AFRICAN BOLLWORM
Larvae of the African bollworm (Noctuidae) are regularly present during the reproductive stage of cultivated sunflower. They feed on leaves,...
CABBAGE SEMI-LOOPER
The larvae feed mainly on the leaves of plants.  If large numbers are present, defoliation may occur and the...
FALSE CHINCH BUG
Crops are damaged from March onwards when headlands or adjacent weedy crop fields, hosting the bug, are cultivated. Insects move...
ASTYLUS BEETLE AND HONEYBEE
...
MIDGE
...
BORON DEFICIENCY
...
HERBICIDE DAMAGE (ALACHLOR)
...
HERBICIDE DAMAGE (imazamox/imazaphyr)
...
HEAT CANKER
...
LIGHTNING DAMAGE
...
RHIZOPUS HEAD ROT
Brown sunken water-soaked lesions develop on the back of the flower.  The interior of the head becomes soft and...
MOLYBDENUM DEFICIENCY
...
Soybeans

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Dry Beans

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Grain Sorghum

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Wheat
LEAF RUST
The disease is characterized by small to relatively large yellowish-brown to cinnamon-brown, oval-shaped pustules appearing randomly or scattered primarily on...
STEM RUST
Symptoms are most common on stems and upper/lower leaf surfaces. First seen as elongated elliptical blisters on the leaves...
STRIPE RUST
Stripe rust is most frequently seen on the leaves. It appears as bright yellow to orange-yellow closely packed pustules on...
SCAB
Premature bleaching of infected heads while leaves/stems remain green. Bleaching can start anywhere on the head and spreads until...
Forage Crops

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